Transients in no-load condition of power transformer 20/0,4 kV

Ovaj rad predstavlja inovativan pristup u analizu prijelaznih pojava u elektroenergetskom sustavu korištenjem novopredloženih načina obrade podataka dobivenih iz procesora ugrađenog u moderne zaštitne releje u elektroenergetskom sustavu. Prijelazne pojave se precizno registriraju tijekom uključivanja energetskog transformatora i puštanja u prazni hod. Analizirani su energetski transformatori 20/0,4 kV u TS 110/20 kV Osijek-4 koji služe za opskrbu električnom energijom vlastitih potreba transformatorske stanice. U radu su grafički prikazani vremenski odzivi glavnih električnih parametara kao i Fourierova analiza viših harmonika.Innovative approach in power system transient analysis is presented in the paper, applying a new proposed method to process data obtained from processor built in modern protection power relays. The transients, described here appeared precisely while turning the power transformer on and setting it in the no-load condition. The analyzed power transformers 20/0,4 kV are installed to meet the auxiliary needs of the transformer substation TS 110/20 kV Osijek-4 with electric power. Time response graphic presentations of main power parameters and Fourier analysis of higher harmonics are presented in this paper

Logical Consistency Validation Tools for Distributed Systems

As a result of using Information Technology (IT) in different technological processes it is necessary to develop new application specific communication protocols. The number of application specific protocols is growing rapidly in different areas: medicine, communication, industry, power systems, computer networks, etc. Protocol errors discovered in the implementation phase are usually a consequence of inconsistent protocol design, which implies the necessity of methodology for error detection in an early design phase. This paper describes formal methods for distributed systems, especially SPIN/Promela tool for formal verification of logical consistency in distributed systems. A protocol used in power systems IEC60870-5-101 has been verified as an example of formal verification of a distributed system. Formal specification, simulation and verification of logical consistency have been successfully done by using SPIN/Promela software

PRECIPITATING FACTORS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

vod: Dijabetička ketoacidoza (DKA) jedna je od najozbiljnijih akutnih komplikacija šećerne bolesti (ŠB). Pojedina istraživanja su pokazala da su infekcije precipitirajući čimbenik u polovice ispitanika. Nekoliko novijih istraživanja naglašava da je loše pridržavanje liječenja također česti uzrok DKA. Cilj: Identifi cirati najčešće precipitirajuće čimbenike za DKA u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ispitanici i postupci: Ovo retrospektivno multicentrično istraživanje uključivalo je bolesnike sa ŠB-om tipa 1 ili tipa 2 s dijagnozom DKA između 1. siječnja 2014. i 31. prosinca 2018. i liječenih u 5 različitih središta za liječenje ŠB-a: Dubrovnik, Našice, Split, Zagreb i Osijek. U analizu je uključena samo prve epizoda DKA. Pacijenti koji boluju od steroidnog ŠB-a i ŠB-a zbog endokrinih poremećaja kao što su akromegalija i Cushingov sindrom bili su isključeni. Rezultati: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 160 bolesnika (55 % muškaraca), od kojih je 68% imalo ŠB tip 1. Srednja dob ispitanika bila je 42 godine (od 18 do 89). Najčešći uzrok DKA bila je infekcija (57 %), zatim slabo kontrolirani ŠB (37 %) i prva prezentacija ŠB-a (9 %), dok je u 7% bolesnika DKA bila uzrokovana ostalim uzrocima kao što su kvar inzulinske pumpe, moždani ili srčani udar. U skupini bolesnika s infekcijama najčešće su bile infekcije mokraćnog sustava (30 %), probavne infekcije (30 %) i infekcije respiratornog trakta (19 %), dok je 21 % bolesnika imalo druge izvore infekcije. U 36 ovih bolesnika uz infekciju je bio prisutan i prethodno loše kontroliran ŠB, a u 12 % DKA uzrokovana infekcijom bila je prvo očitovanje bolesti. U bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 2 infekcije su češće bile uzrok DKA nego u bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 1 (P < 0,05). U bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 1, slabo regulirana glikemija je češće uzrok DKA (31%) nego u bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 2 (18 %). Zaključak: Najčešći precipitirajući čimbenici za razvoj DKA su infekcije i loša regulacija ŠB-a. Potrebna je bolja edukacija bolesnika o važnosti redovite primjene inzulina i korekcije terapije tijekom akutne bolesti.Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious acute complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In some studies, infections have been found to be a precipitating factor in more than half of the subjects. On the other hand, several recent studies emphasize that poor treatment adherence is also a common cause of DKA. Objective: To identify the most common precipitating factors for DKA in Croatia. Patients and Methods: This retrospective, multicenter study included DM type 1 or DM type 2 patients diagnosed with DKA between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018, and treated in 5 different DM treatment centers, i.e., Dubrovnik, Našice, Split, Zagreb and Osijek. Only the fi rst episode of DKA was included in the analysis. Patients receiving steroids and DM due to endocrine disorders such as acromegaly and Cushing\u27s syndrome were excluded. Results: The study included 160 patients (55% of men), of whom 68% had DM type 1. The mean age of the respondents was 42 (18-89) years. The most common cause of DKA was infection (57%), followed by poorly controlled DM (37%) and fi rst presentation of DM (9%), while in 7% of patients DKA was due to other causes such as insulin pump failure, stroke or myocardial infarction. In the group of patients with infections, urinary tract infections (30%), gastrointestinal infections (30%) and respiratory tract infections (19%) were most common, whereas 21% of patients had other sources of infection. In 36% of these patients, the infection was associated with previously poorly controlled diabetes, and in 12% of them, DKA caused by the infection was the fi rst manifestation of the disease. In patients with type 2DM, infections were more often the cause of DKA than in patients with type 1DM (p<0.05).Poorly controlled glycemia appeared to be a more frequent cause of DKA in patients with type 1 DM (31%) than in patients with type 2 DM (18%). Conclusion: The most common precipitating factors for the development of DKA were infections and poor diabetes management. Better education of patients about the importance of regular insulin administration and correction of therapy in acute illness could reduce the risk of DKA

PRECIPITATING FACTORS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

vod: Dijabetička ketoacidoza (DKA) jedna je od najozbiljnijih akutnih komplikacija šećerne bolesti (ŠB). Pojedina istraživanja su pokazala da su infekcije precipitirajući čimbenik u polovice ispitanika. Nekoliko novijih istraživanja naglašava da je loše pridržavanje liječenja također česti uzrok DKA. Cilj: Identifi cirati najčešće precipitirajuće čimbenike za DKA u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ispitanici i postupci: Ovo retrospektivno multicentrično istraživanje uključivalo je bolesnike sa ŠB-om tipa 1 ili tipa 2 s dijagnozom DKA između 1. siječnja 2014. i 31. prosinca 2018. i liječenih u 5 različitih središta za liječenje ŠB-a: Dubrovnik, Našice, Split, Zagreb i Osijek. U analizu je uključena samo prve epizoda DKA. Pacijenti koji boluju od steroidnog ŠB-a i ŠB-a zbog endokrinih poremećaja kao što su akromegalija i Cushingov sindrom bili su isključeni. Rezultati: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 160 bolesnika (55 % muškaraca), od kojih je 68% imalo ŠB tip 1. Srednja dob ispitanika bila je 42 godine (od 18 do 89). Najčešći uzrok DKA bila je infekcija (57 %), zatim slabo kontrolirani ŠB (37 %) i prva prezentacija ŠB-a (9 %), dok je u 7% bolesnika DKA bila uzrokovana ostalim uzrocima kao što su kvar inzulinske pumpe, moždani ili srčani udar. U skupini bolesnika s infekcijama najčešće su bile infekcije mokraćnog sustava (30 %), probavne infekcije (30 %) i infekcije respiratornog trakta (19 %), dok je 21 % bolesnika imalo druge izvore infekcije. U 36 ovih bolesnika uz infekciju je bio prisutan i prethodno loše kontroliran ŠB, a u 12 % DKA uzrokovana infekcijom bila je prvo očitovanje bolesti. U bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 2 infekcije su češće bile uzrok DKA nego u bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 1 (P < 0,05). U bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 1, slabo regulirana glikemija je češće uzrok DKA (31%) nego u bolesnika sa ŠB-om tipa 2 (18 %). Zaključak: Najčešći precipitirajući čimbenici za razvoj DKA su infekcije i loša regulacija ŠB-a. Potrebna je bolja edukacija bolesnika o važnosti redovite primjene inzulina i korekcije terapije tijekom akutne bolesti.Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious acute complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In some studies, infections have been found to be a precipitating factor in more than half of the subjects. On the other hand, several recent studies emphasize that poor treatment adherence is also a common cause of DKA. Objective: To identify the most common precipitating factors for DKA in Croatia. Patients and Methods: This retrospective, multicenter study included DM type 1 or DM type 2 patients diagnosed with DKA between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018, and treated in 5 different DM treatment centers, i.e., Dubrovnik, Našice, Split, Zagreb and Osijek. Only the fi rst episode of DKA was included in the analysis. Patients receiving steroids and DM due to endocrine disorders such as acromegaly and Cushing\u27s syndrome were excluded. Results: The study included 160 patients (55% of men), of whom 68% had DM type 1. The mean age of the respondents was 42 (18-89) years. The most common cause of DKA was infection (57%), followed by poorly controlled DM (37%) and fi rst presentation of DM (9%), while in 7% of patients DKA was due to other causes such as insulin pump failure, stroke or myocardial infarction. In the group of patients with infections, urinary tract infections (30%), gastrointestinal infections (30%) and respiratory tract infections (19%) were most common, whereas 21% of patients had other sources of infection. In 36% of these patients, the infection was associated with previously poorly controlled diabetes, and in 12% of them, DKA caused by the infection was the fi rst manifestation of the disease. In patients with type 2DM, infections were more often the cause of DKA than in patients with type 1DM (p<0.05).Poorly controlled glycemia appeared to be a more frequent cause of DKA in patients with type 1 DM (31%) than in patients with type 2 DM (18%). Conclusion: The most common precipitating factors for the development of DKA were infections and poor diabetes management. Better education of patients about the importance of regular insulin administration and correction of therapy in acute illness could reduce the risk of DKA